An Independent view of law, politics and social issues confronting Angelinos, Californians, and Americans
Author: coastcontact
I am a somewhat cranky but mostly optimistic 65 plus who refuses to give up on this maddening world. The purpose of this BLOG is to express my feelings, thoughts.
Rupert Murdoch, CEO of News Corporation and 20th Century Fox and other significant properties, has managed to become the media baron of the world. He became a feared leader of conservative politics and also someone who seemed to believe he was not required to follow the rules of behavior and law that others felt obliged to obey.
It is inconceivable that he or his lieutenants were unaware of the hacking of cell phones in the U.K. There have been accusations that his news media tried to obtain phone lists of family members of 9-11 victims.
Murdoch’s British lieutenant, Rebekah Brooks, stepped down earlier today, Friday. Then this very same day Les Hinton, chief executive of the Murdoch-owned Dow Jones & Co. and publisher of the Wall Street Journal, announced he was resigning immediately. No yet knows the real reason for the Hinton resignation.
Obviously there are many people in the media who would like to see his empire fail. In this case his hubris really has brought his stumble. I hope it’s his downfall. He deserves a little humbling.
Which cities have the most expensive cost of living?
Mercer Human Resources Consulting, a world-wide firm with offices in North America, South America, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia has sufficient respect that its evaluations are reported in major newspapers and magazines. The company has developed a Worldwide Cost of Living survey. The results were reported in the Toronto Star today. The entire listing is not posted to the web but can be purchased for $600USD.
Following is an abridged summary that was posted on the Mercer web site.
Luandain, Angola is the world’s most expensive city for expatriates; Karachi is the cheapest
Top 10 ranked cities are dominated by Africa, Europe and Asia
London drops 1 place to rank 18; Singapore and São Paolo join the top 10 list
New York is the most expensive in the United States followed by Los Angeles.
Los Angeles, the second most expensive U.S. city, fell 22 places to 77th place.
The survey covers 214 cities across five continents and measures the comparative cost of over 200 items in each location, including housing, transport, food, clothing, household goods and entertainment. It is the world’s most comprehensive cost of living survey and is designed to help multinational companies and governments determine compensation allowances for their expatriate employees.New York is used as the base city and all cities are compared against New York. Currency movements are measured against the US dollar. The cost of housing – often the biggest expense for expatriates – plays an important part in determining where cities are ranked.
New entries in the top 10 list of the costliest cities in the world are Singapore(8), up from 11, and São Paolo (10), which has jumped 11 places since the 2010 ranking.Karachi(214) is ranked as the world’s least expensive city, and the survey found that Luanda, in top place, is more than three times as costly as Karachi. Recent world events, including natural disasters and political upheavals, have impacted the rankings for many regions through currency fluctuations, cost inflation for goods and services and volatility in accommodation prices.
Down one place from last year, London(18) is the UK’s most expensive city, followed by Aberdeen(144), Glasgow(148) and Birmingham(150), Belfast(178) is ranked as the UK’s least expensive city.
The survey covers 214 cities across five continents and measures the comparative cost of over 200 items in each location, including housing, transport, food, clothing, household goods and entertainment. It is the world’s most comprehensive cost of living survey and is designed to help multinational companies and governments determine compensation allowances for their expatriate employees. New Yorkis used as the base city and all cities are compared against New York. Currency movements are measured against the US dollar. The cost of housing – often the biggest expense for expatriates – plays an important part in determining where cities are ranked.
At rank 32, New York is the most expensive city in the United States.Los Angeles(77) and Chicago(108) have dropped significantly in the rankings (22 and 17 places respectively) as price increases on goods and services have been moderate compared to New York. Washington, however, also at ranking 108, has climbed three places, as rental accommodation prices have increased significantly.
Portland(186) and Winston-Salem(197) are the least expensive cities in the United States. Up 17 places, Toronto(59) has overtaken Vancouver(65) to become the most expensive Canadian city in the ranking, followed by Montreal(79) and Calgary(96). Ranking 114, Ottawa is the least expensive city in Canada.
Last Friday’s employment report landed with a loud thud. Only 18,000 net new jobs in June? How could that be? One Wall Street economist said he thought it was a misprint at first. He was not alone.
The horrific June employment number made it two in a row. With the latest revisions, job growth in May is now estimated to have clocked in at only 25,000 jobs. So that’s 25,000 and 18,000 in consecutive months. Given the immense size of total U.S. payroll employment (around 131 million) and the sampling error in the survey, those numbers are effectively zero. Job creation has stopped for two months.
If we were at 5% unemployment, two bad payroll reports in a row would be of some concern yet tolerable. But when viewed against the background of 9%-plus unemployment, they are catastrophic. And going beyond the headline jobs numbers reveals an even bleaker picture.
The fraction of the population that is employed (58.2%) is now lower than it was when the recession officially ended in June 2009 (59.4%). The share of the unemployed who have been jobless for more than six months is now a stunning 44.4%. In a strong labor market, that number would be in the teens. I could go on.
All this adds up to a national jobs emergency. Tragically, however, it is not being treated as such. When is the last time you heard one of our national leaders propose a serious job-creating program?
The operative word here is “serious.” Every day brings new proposals to slash government spending. But as I noted on this page last month, those are ways to kill jobs, not create them. As a matter of fact, despite all the cries of “big government” or even “socialism,” public-sector employment has been falling.
Over the past two months, while private businesses were adding a measly 130,000 new jobs to their payrolls, governments at all levels were shedding 87,000 workers. Looking over a longer period, public employment at all levels is down by 522,000 jobs over the last two years. Does that make sense in a jobless recovery?
We may be on the verge of doing much worse. If we crash into the national debt ceiling next month, Washington will be forced to reduce its rate of spending by 40%-45% immediately. Do the math. The implied reduction in federal spending would be equal to about 10%-11% of gross domestic product. If cutbacks of that magnitude were maintained for more than a very brief period, it is hard to see how we could avoid another serious recession.
Worse yet, this little back-of-the-envelope calculation ignores the financial panic that might ensue. Since markets are thoroughly convinced that Congress will raise the debt limit on time, a failure to do so would come as a big shock. Shocked markets are often panicky markets. And panicky markets can devastate economies.
Important as it is to get the debt-ceiling issue behind us, that would only preserve a pretty miserable status quo. What might a real job-creation program look like?
Let’s start with an admission—two actually. First, there are no magic bullets. Nothing policy makers can do will fill the employment hole quickly. We’re talking about mitigation, not cure. Second, there is no such thing as a free lunch.
Creating jobs costs money—whether it’s via tax cuts or more spending. (The Federal Reserve normally can create jobs without budgetary costs, but with interest rates already near zero it says it’s out of ammunition.) If Congress and the president are fixated on reducing the federal budget deficit to the exclusion of all else, we are not going to make headway. So yes, let’s enact a major deficit reduction program right away, but start the cutbacks only in the future. For now, we need a jobs bill.
What are some realistic options? For several years many economists have promoted a tax credit for new jobs. (I advocated the idea on this page in November 2009.) While the details matter, the basic idea is to offer firms that boost their payrolls a tax break. As one concrete example, companies might be offered a tax credit equal to 10% of the increase in their wage bills (over 2011 levels, say). No increase, no reward.
You might think Republicans would embrace an idea like that. After all, it’s a business tax cut and all the new jobs would be in the private sector. But you’d be wrong. Frankly, I’m not sure why. Maybe it’s seen as “left-wing social engineering.”
A variant may hold more promise in the current political environment. Major corporations are clamoring for a tax holiday that would let them repatriate profits held abroad at a bargain-basement tax rate. They claim that all kinds of wonderful things would happen if this money came home. Trouble is, we’ve seen this play before, in 2004, and nothing wonderful happened—unless you were a shareholder or executive of one of the beneficiary corporations.
However, the tax holiday idea can be married to the new jobs tax credit. Suppose we allow firms to repatriate profits at some super-low tax rate, but only to the extent that they increase their wage payments subject to Social Security. For example, if XYZ Corporation paid wages covered by Social Security of $1.5 billion in 2011, and then boosted that amount to $1.6 billion in 2012, it would be allowed to repatriate $100 million at a tax rate of 5% or 10% instead of the usual 35% rate. The tax savings to the company would thus be $25 million-$30 million for raising its payroll by $100 million. That’s a powerful incentive.
There are two main reasons for using Social Security wages as the base. The first is administrative simplicity: Every company already reports this number to the government, and it is next-to-impossible to “game” it without committing outright fraud. The second reason is fairness. Companies would be able to claim the full tax credit only for earnings under (in 2011) $106,800. No subsidies for raising executive pay.
There may be better ideas. We should be open to them. But sitting by passively is no longer acceptable. In fact, it constitutes cruel and unusual punishment of the American work force. Isn’t that unconstitutional?
Mr. Blinder, a professor of economics and public affairs at Princeton University, is a former vice chairman of the Federal Reserve.
I respect New York Times commentator David Brooks for his well thought out columns. His appearances on Sunday talk shows always provide calm clear analysis. This is what he said about the 2008 economic meltdown.
It all started with Fannie Mae, the government-backed mortgage giant, and its former chief executive James Johnson. In a well reported new book, Reckless Endangerment, Gretchen Morgenson and Joshua Rosner reveal how Johnson, a “Democratic sage with a raft of prestigious connections,” enriched his friends and made $100 million for himself by flooding the market with risky subprime mortgages. Dispensing with the usual criteria for making loans, Fannie handed out billions in federally guaranteed dollars like candy, and “helped spread risky behavior and low standards across the housing industry.” Johnson and his cronies paid themselves lavishly, and used Fannie funding to lobby congressmen, falsify academic research, and suck in “reputable figures” such as Bill Daley, Ken Starr, and Larry Summers to defend Fannie’s scam. In the end it all crashed-bringing big banks, Wall Street, and the entire economy down with it. Yet Johnson and the other power players skated away, blameless. “This is how Washington works.” Is it any wonder there’s such a growth market for angry populism?
The Associated Press had an article posted yesterday titled “Aging America.” It brought up this continuously nagging question about retiring to another city or perhaps another city in another country that would be a better match than the place where you are now living. “Cities and suburbs were designed for younger people, full of stairs and cars, he explained. As they become increasingly difficult to navigate, older people gradually retreat.”
Let’s face it. Getting old is no fun. Besides the greater need for medical care we have grown accustomed to living the way we have lived most of our lives. For most of us familiarity with our surroundings is an important issue.
A real estate web site published this statement at the top of the topic: For seniors, family is the biggest reason to move
When Americans age 55 and older decide to relocate, most often it’s to be closer to family and friends.
Despite the knowledge that my own parents had difficulties re-locating to a retirement community I still feel the need to repeatedly re-confirm my decision to stay in the same home I have had for over 30 years.
Senior Journal offered the following information about the best places to live
For countries, International Living rates France #1 followed by Australia, Switzerland, Germany, New Zealand, Luxembourg and finally the US. Canada came in ninth place. Each January, they rank and rate 194 countries to come up with the list of the places that offer you the best quality of life. It isn’t about best value, necessarily. It’s about the places in the world where the living is, simply put, great. On this site you can subscribe to their free daily e-letter about the best places to consider retirement. I did and almost instantly, here is what they sent back: “There are still numerous countries around the world where unspoiled natural beauty, secluded beaches, friendly people, and a relaxed way of life are waiting for you. And you don’t have to spend a fortune to enjoy them. In sunny, relaxed destinations all around the world, you’ll find your dollars stretching much further than you might imagine.”
The Economist Intelligence Unit’s livability surveyreport said Vancouver, and Melbourne, “with low crime, little threat from instability or terrorism and a highly developed infrastructure,” are the two most livable cities in the world, having tied for first place. Australia’s other major cities (Brisbane, Sydney, Adelaide and Perth) all claimed positions well inside the top ten – strengthening the idea that Australia is one of the most livable countries in the world. Other Canadian cities also ranked highly in the survey, which further suggests that this is the same of Canada. Toronto, Montreal, Calgary, Ottawa and the aforementioned Vancouver all ranked within the top 25.
Following is a list of the top 10 most livable cities as ranked by The Economist: 1. Vancouver, Canada 2. Vienna, Austria 3. Melbourne, Australia 4. Toronto, Canada 5. Calgary, Canada 6. Helsinki, Finland 7. Sydney, Australia 8. Perth, Australia 9. Adelaide, Australia 10. Auckland, New Zealand. Looks like a good idea to “consider down under” for a great place to retire, doesn’t it?
A Bankers Life and Casualty sponsored study on the best place to live, conducted in 2005 is still being quoted as one of the best resources.
A panel of experts on gerontology and senior issues identified the qualities for optimal senior living. Major categories were: health, disease, economics, social, environment, spiritual, transportation, housing, and crime. Each category was statistically weighted to reflect the needs of the senior population.
Categories evaluated
The Health category included criteria such as physician to senior ratio, gerontologist to senior ratio, hospitals per capita, and availability of adult day care, assisted living facilities, continuing care (CCRC) facilities, independent living facilities, nursing homes, and senior meals.
Housing included cost of living, median home price, property taxes and monthly apartment rent.
Transportation included public transportation, special access transportation, and commuting times.
Social included the percentage of seniors, entertainment, the arts, museums, education, recreation, colleges, and libraries.
Crime included violent crime and property crime.
Environment included sunny days, clean air, clean water, natural disaster risk, ocean coastline, rivers and lakes, and national parks.
Economy included consumer prices, sales taxes, unemployment rate, and recent job growth.
Disease included life expectancy, age 85 expectancy, depression rate, heart disease, and cancer rates.
Spiritual included percent of population belonging to organized religions and the number of religious congregations.
Bankers’ Best Cities for Seniors 2005 American Financial Resources is offering the same list in 2011.
1. Portland, Ore.
2. Seattle , Wash.
3. San Francisco , Cal.
4. Pittsburgh, Penn
5. Milwaukee , Wis.
6. Philadelphia , Penn.
7. New York , N.Y.
8. Boston , Mass.
9. Cincinnati , Ohio
10. Chicago , Ill.
17. Los Angeles , Cal.
34. San Diego, Cal.
35. Phoenix, Az.
41. Las Vegas, Nev.
42. Fort Lauderdale, Fla.
47. Orange County, Cal.
This is an interesting list considering that Scottsdale, Arizona and Mesa, Arizona (two suburbs of Phoenix) have very large senior populations as do many communities throughout Florida. My parents lived in Laguna Woods, CA (formerly known as Leisure World) where the senior population is 18,000 people and has drawn many other seniors into adjoining communities.
Despite the desire of the National Home Builders to promote moving to retirement communities their own study found the following data: • The majority of 55 and older households do not live in age-restrictive or age-qualified communities, but the number is going up. In 2007, 3% of those 55 and older said they lived in age-restricted communities designed for active adults; that’s up from 2.2% in 2001.
• Most consumers of this age were happy with their current homes, but residents of age-restricted active-adult communities had the highest satisfaction rates.
• Of baby boomers close to 65 years old, the traditional retirement age, many say they aren’t planning on retiring just yet. If they move, they want to end up in a community that would be closer to work or one that would allow them to transition into a work-from-home setup.
Toronto, Vancouver, and Boston were all interesting to visit and we might return for fun and entertainment but we seem to be happy with the San Fernando Valley. Maybe it was the song!
The following graph appeared in Businessweek magazine in the July 4, 2011 edition. This is a depiction of 100 years of some of the world’s greatest innovations. Notice that most of them were created in the United States. None of these noteworthy achievements came from Silicon Valley.
The summer before enrolling at my local community college, I spent my nights stuffing flyers into newspapers until my fingers bled.
I already had another part-time job, working 25 hours each week at a local music store for minimum wage ($8 per hour). But I knew I had to take on another job in order to help pay for my upcoming tuition. When I saw the newspaper warehouse job advertised in the local paper for an entire dollar above minimum wage, I jumped at the chance.
For three months I worked on call from 11 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. I wouldn’t know if they needed me to work until at least 8:00 p.m. the evening of the shift.
The work was hard and tedious. I stood in a freezing cold warehouse stuffing flyers into newspapers, and then bundling those newspapers into stacks of 25 to go out for delivery. My fingers started to bleed after the first week on the job, and my hands were too small to wear the plastic gloves provided to us.
Bouncing from working days at my music store job, then nights at the newspaper warehouse seemed like a good idea at the time. But after a few back-to-back shifts, I quickly realized that the $1 per hour extra instead of sleeping wasn’t worth it. I was having a hard time staying awake during shifts at my other job, and my social life was non-existent because I was always exhausted.
My experience as a night shift newspaper bundler might have been different had there been co-workers I could relate to. But most of the employees kept to themselves or didn’t speak English, so I kept my mouth shut for each eight hour shift.
Now, nearly 10 years later, every time I have an awful day at work, or encounter a freelancing client that drives me crazy, I think back to my time as a newspaper bundler, and all of a sudden my day doesn’t seem so bad anymore.
What was the worst job you’ve ever had?
Written by Krystal Yee and posted in the Toronto Star. FYI income and pay in Canadian dollars is almost exactly the same as in the U.S.A.
Krystal Yee is a marketing and graphic design professional living in Vancouver. She also blogs at Give Me Back My Five Bucks. You can reach her on Twitter (@krystalatwork), or by e-mail at krystalatwork@gmail.com.
Smug Californians thought they were so smart when they passed Proposition 13 (officially named the People’s Initiative to Limit Property Taxation) by 65%. The law set the initial property tax at 1.25% of the purchase price and restricts annual increases of assessed value of real property to an inflation factor, not to exceed 2% per year. I was one of those who voted for the law.
“We’ve chosen mediocre public service, and more private money. We’ve decided not to tax ourselves as much. We’ve basically turned our back on schools. It’s a choice we made within our state.” John Mockler, First to Worst
We were warned that there would be a price to pay for the imposition of the regulaton but we ignored the politicians.
This year many of us supported the anticipated 1% reduction in sales tax and a reduction in auto licensing fees.
Now we have to face the consequences of our choices. State parks are being closed, the highways are falling apart, and the schools lack funds to employ all the needed teachers. The final blow is our famed higher education system is now too expensive for the middle class. Even community college are asking students to pay $26.00 per unit in Los Angeles.
I earned by four year college degree by attending a junior college for two years at a cost of $6.50 per semester and two years at a state university at $42 a semester. The books cost more than the enrollment fees. I graduated in 1962.
In 1960, UCLA tuition fees were practically non-existent. However, by 1985 they had reached $722. Today University of California 2011-12, systemwide tuition and fees for California residents will be $11,124.
All students enrolling at California State University pay the systemwide State University Fee which is currently $4230 per academic year for undergraduate students enrolling in more than 6 units per term.
The consequence of our selfish decision to control property taxes is the 11.9% unemployment rate, the growing number of poorly educated citizens that lack the skills to compete in a more technologically demanding society, the deteriorating highway system, the closing of state parks, etc.
By the way California is not alone. Massachusetts, Oregon, Colorado and Florida all went on to copy key provisions of the Proposition 13, while voters in 18 other states passed nearly 40 statewide tax-limiting measures.
It should come as no surprise that Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) report, which compares the knowledge and skills of 15-year-olds in 70 countries around the world, ranked the United States 14th out of 34 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries for reading skills, 17th for science and a below-average 25th for mathematics.
On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress, meeting in Philadelphia in the Pennsylvania State House (now Independence Hall), approved the Declaration of Independence, severing the colonies’ ties to the British Crown.
IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776
The unanimous Declarationof the thirteen unitedStates of America
hen in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. — Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.
He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.
He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their Public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.
He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.
He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected, whereby the Legislative Powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.
He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.
He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers.
He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance.
He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.
He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
For protecting them, by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:
For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
For depriving us in many cases, of the benefit of Trial by Jury:
For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:
For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies
For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:
For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.
He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.
He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.
In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.
We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these united Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States, that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. — And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor.